REVIEW FOR MIDTERM #2

Data types
	Integer (-5, 0, 27, 1000000000)
	Floating point (-5.1, 0.0, 27.4E-34, 1.0E+308)
	Long Integer (1L, or any integer >= 2**31)
	Complex (3-4j)
	Bool (False, True)

	String, immutable: "hello" or 'hello' or """hello""" (may span rows)
	List, mutable: [3, "frog", 2+5, [3, 8], "goat"]
	Tuple, immutable: (3, "frog", 2+5, [3, 8], "goat")

Variables
	Case sensitive
	Start with letter, may contain digits
	Data type depends on value assigned
	Data type may change as program runs
	Format:   var = expression
	Examples:
		X = 0
		Frog = X * 15.0
		X = X + 1
		L = [1, 2, 3]
		T = (4, 5, 6, 7)
		B = True
		S = "Frog"

Operations on Data
	Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide, Exponentiation
	Order of Operations (**, * and /, + and -)
	Integer Divide vs. Floating-Point Divide
	Concatenating Strings, Lists, or Tuples by "adding" them
	Initializing structures (constructor symbols)
		Empty list: []
		Empty tuple: ()
		Empty string: ""
	Accessing an item in a list (indexing starts at zero)
	Changing an item in a list
	Initializing a String
		Double-Quote
		Single-Quote
		Triple-Double-Quote (span line breaks)
	Accessing a character in a string (indexing starts at zero)
	Accessing an item in a tuple (indexing starts at zero)
	The "len" function for Strings, Tuples, Lists
	Setting a value of a list:
		L = [2, 9, 7]		L is now [2, 9, 7]
		L[2] = 6		L is now [2, 9, 6]
		L = [2, 9, 7]		L is now [2, 9, 7]
	        L = L + [4]		L is now [2, 9, 7, 4]
		L = [4] + L		L is now [4, 2, 9, 7, 4]

Python Program Structure
	Interactive Mode vs. Program Mode
	Statements
		Comments  (start with #)
		Indentation
		Flow of control
		Assignment (variable = expression)
		The "print" statement
		The "pass" statement
		Comparisons (used in if/elif/while)
			Equality	==
			Inequality	<> or !=
			Less-Than	<
			Less-Equal	<=
			Greater-Than	>
			Greater-Equal	>=
			Set Membership	in
	Selections
		if (?):
		elif (?):
		else:
	Loops
		while (?):

		for variable in list:			for I in [3,7,1,4]:
		for variable in string:			for I in "Hello":
		for variable in range(N):		for I in range(10):
		for variable in getPixels(Canvas):
	Functions
		Functions and Function Calls
			Calling a function multiple times with different actual parameters
			Passing the result of a function to another function or assigning it to a variable
			Passing a function as a parameter to another function
			Making a function local to another function
			Using global variables to pass information between functions
		Predefined Python Functions
			len(string)
			len(list)
			range(N)
			range(N1,N2)
			range(N1,N2,N3)
			math.sqrt(N)
			min(a,b,c,...,z)
			max(a,b,c,...,z)
		User Defined Functions
			def Name (parameter,parameter,...,parameter):
			def Name (parameter,parameter,...,parameter=default,parameter=default):
			"return x" vs. "return"
			Formal Parameters vs. Actual Parameters
	Importing Packages
		import random
			random.random()
			random.randrange(n)
			random.choice(list)
		import time
			time.sleep(n)
	Advanced Coding Idea (statements on the same line as a keyword ending in colon)
		if (?): statement
		elif (?): statement
		else: statement
		while (?): statement
		for variable in list: statement
	List Comprehensions (simple form)
		[X for X in range(10)]		returns [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
		[0 for X in range(10)]		returns [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
		[X*X for X in range(5)]		returns [0,1,4,9,16]
		[math.sqrt(X) for X in range(1,50,3)]

JES Environment
	I/O Functions
		requestInteger(message)
		requestIntegerInRange(message,low,high)
		requestNumber(message)
		showInformation(message)
		pickAFile()
		pickAFolder()
	Canvasses
		Canvas = makeEmptyPicture(width,height,color)
		Canvas = makePicture(filename)
		show(Canvas)
		repaint(Canvas)

		getColor(pixel)		setColor(pixel,color)
		getRed(pixel)		setRed(pixel,value)
		getGreen(pixel)		setGreen(pixel,value)
		getBlue(pixel)		setBlue(pixel,value)

		setAllPixelsToAColor(Canvas,color)

		for pixel in getPixels(Canvas):



		# Simple pixel transforms
		for y in range(getHeight(Canvas)):
		    for x in range(getWidth(Canvas)):
		        PX = getPixel(Canvas,x,y)
			R = getRed(PX)
			G = getGreen(PX)
			B = getBlue(PX)
			# Do something weird to the numbers in R, G, and B
			setRed(PX,R)
			setGreen(PX,G)
			setBlue(PX,B)
		    repaint(Canvas)



                addLine(Canvas,X1,Y1,X2,Y2,Color=black)
                addOval(Canvas,X,Y,Width,Height,Color=black)
                addRect(Canvas,X,Y,Width,Height,Color=black)
                addOvalFilled(Canvas,X,Y,Width,Height,Color=black)
                addRectFilled(Canvas,X,Y,Width,Height,Color=black)

		black, white, red, green, blue, yellow, cyan, magenta, gray
		NewColor = makeColor(red,green,blue)

Questions
	How do you print out numbers and square roots between 0 and 100?

	How do you convert an existing image to:
		Black and White
		Gray Scale
		Red-Green-Blue (8 colors)
		Brighter
		Darker
		Brighter Green
		Sepia
		...

	How do you create a command processor?

	How do you design centered circles and squares with existing functions?

	How do you bounce a box/ball around screen?

	How do you hierarchically decompose a visual object into function calls?

	How do you nest functions hierarchially?

	How do you parametrically define a line or a parabola?

	How do you project a 3D point into 2D?